Arctic

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The Arctic is the polar region of Earth that surrounds the North Pole, lying within the Arctic Circle. It consists of parts of northern Norway (Nordland, Troms, Finnmark, Svalbard and Jan Mayen), northernmost Sweden (Västerbotten, Norrbotten and Lappland), northern Finland (North Ostrobothnia, Kainuu and Lappi), Danish Realm (Greenland), northern Iceland (Grímsey and Kolbeinsey), Russia (Murmansk, Siberia, Nenets Okrug, Novaya Zemlya), Canada (Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut), and the United States (Alaska), along with the Arctic Ocean and adjacent seas.

Land within the Arctic region has seasonally varying snow and ice cover, with predominantly treeless permafrost under the tundra. Arctic seas contain seasonal sea ice in many places.

The Arctic is a unique area among Earth's ecosystems. Life in the Arctic includes zooplankton and phytoplankton, fish and marine mammals, birds, land animals, plants, and human societies. The cultures in the region and the Arctic indigenous peoples have adapted to its cold and extreme conditions.