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One country, one building, one girl
France – The Eiffel Tower Real name: La Tour Eiffel (“The Eifell Tower” - from now on, if the real name is just a local version of the english one I will not write anything). Dedicated: 1889 Location: Paris More: The tower was much criticised by the public when it was built, with many calling it ugly. 
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Brazil – Christ the Redeemer Real name: Cristo Redentor (portuguese for “Christ the Redeemer”, of course) Completed: 1931 Location: Rio de Janeiro More: Made possible by the donations from brazilian catholics. 
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United States of America – The Statue of Liberty Real name: La Liberté eclairant lê monde (Liberty Enlightening the World) Completed: 1886 Location: New York More: It was a gift from the people of France to the United States. 
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China – Great Wall of China Real name: 長城 (meaning “The long wall of 10,000 Li” – a chinese unit of distance) Completed: Not officialy finished Location: From Shanhaiguan in the east, to Lop Lake in the west, along an arc that roughly delineates the southern edge of Inner Mongólia. More: It is NOT visible from the moon. 
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Italy – Leaning Tower of Pisa Real name: Torre pendente di Pisa Completed: Around 1350. Location: Pisa (...) More: The tower began to sink after construction had progressed to the second floor in 1178. This was due to a mere three-metre foundation, set in weak, unstable subsoil. The design was flawed from the beginning, but it still there. 
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United Kingdom – Big Ben Tower Real name: Clock Tower (there's controversy about it). Completed: 1870 (reconstruction). Location: London More: Big Ben isn’t the name of the tower, but the nickname for the great bell inside the clock tower at the north end of the Palace of Westminster. 
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Mexico – Temple of Kukulkan Real name: Temple of Kukulkan or El Castillo (means “The castle”). Completed: Sometime between the 9th and the 12th centuries AD. Location: Chichen Itza More: It served as a temple to the god Kukulkan, the Yucatec Maya Feathered Serpent deity. 
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Austria – The Athena Foutain Real name: Pallas-Athene-Brunnen (“Pallas-Athene” is just another name for Athene and “Brunnen” is german for “Fountain”) Completed: 1898 to 1902 Location: Vienna More: It's in front of the Parliament of Austria and it was designed by Baron Hansen as well, the architect responsible for the entire Parliament building. 
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Australia - Sydney Opera House Real name: Sydney Opera House (big surprise, huh?) Completed: 1973 Location: Sidney More: It is one of the 20th century's most distinctive buildings and one of the most famous performing arts centres in the world, a symbol for not only a city, but a whole country and continent. 
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Egypt – Great Pyramid of Giza Real name: Pyramid of Khufu Completed: 2560 BC (Egyptologists believe...). Location: Giza Necropolis More: The Great Pyramid of Giza was the tallest man-made structure in the world for over 3,800 years, the longest period of time ever held for such a record. It is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, and the only one to remain largely intact too. 
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India - Taj Mahal Real name: ताज महल(from Persian/Urdu: تاج محل, "crown of buildings"). Completed: Around 1653. Location: Agra More: It’s a mausoleum (Yeah, a tomb. Shocking isn't it?) and it was built by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his third wife, Mumtaz Mahal. 
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Russia – Saint Basil’s Cathedral Real name: Собор Покрова пресвятой Богородицы, что на Рву (“Cathedral of the Protection of Most Holy Theotokos on the Moat”). Completed: 1561 Location: Moscow More: It’s design cannot be fould on any other building in the entire millennium of Byzantine tradition from the fifth to fifteenth century. It’s unique. 
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Israel – Temple Mount Real name: Har haBáyith (I don’t know what it means). Completed: 692 AD Location: Jerusalem More: Judaism regards the Temple Mount as the place where God chose the Divine Presence to rest. 
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Portugal – Belem Tower Real name: Torre de Belém Completed: 1519 Location: Lisbon More: The tower was built in the early 16th century and is a prominent example of the Manueline style (Portuguese late Gothic). 
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Germany – Brandenburg Gate Real name: Brandenburger Tor Completed: 1791 Location: Berlin More: It suffered considerable damage in World War II, the Brandenburg Gate was fully restored from 2000 to 2002 by the Stiftung Denkmalschutz Berlin (Berlin Monument Conservation Foundation). 
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Greece – Parthenon Real name: Παρθενών Completed: 432 BC Location: Athens More: Dedicated to the Greek goddess Athena, whom the people of Athens considered their patron. 
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Japan – Himeji Castle Real name: 姫路城 Completed: 1346 Location: Himeji More: Himeji Castle is associated with a number of feudal Japanese folklore stories. The ghost story of The Dish Mansion at Banchō was centered around Okiku's Well, one of the wells at Himeji Castle that remains to this day. According to the legend, Okiku was falsely accused of losing dishes that were valuable family treasures, and then killed and thrown into the well. Her ghost remained to haunt the well at night, counting dishes in a despondent tone. 
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Malaysia – Petronas Towers Real name: Menara Petronas Completed: 1998 Location: Kuala Lumpur More: The Petronas Towers were the tallest buildings in the world for six years, until Taipei 101 was completed in 2004. 
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Iceland – Church of Hallgrímur Real name: Hallgrímskirkja Completed: 1986 Location: Reykjavík More: It is similar in style to the expressionist architecture of Grundtvig's Church of Copenhagen, Denmark, completed in 1926. 
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South Korea – Changdeokgung Palace Real name: 창덕궁 (it means “Palace of Prospering Virtue”) Completed: 1412 Location: Seoul More: It is one of the "Five Grand Palaces" built by the kings of the Joseon Dynasty (Changdeokgung, Changgyeonggung, Deoksugung, Gyeongbokgung and Gyeonghuigung). 
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Spain – Sagrada Familia Real name: Basílica i Temple Expiatori de la Sagrada Família (Basilica and Expiatory Church of the Holy Family). Completed: It’s under construction, actually. One projection anticipates construction completion around 2026. Location: Barcelona More: It's designed by Catalan architect Antoni Gaudí (1852–1926), and it's for more than a hundred years under construction (since 1882). 
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United Arab Emirates – Burj Al Arab Real name: برج العرب (“Tower of the Arabs”) Completed: 1999 Location: Dubai More: It’s a hotel. The architect Tom Wright said "The client wanted a building that would become an iconic or symbolic statement for Dubai; this is very similar to Sydney with its Opera House, London with Big Ben, or Paris with the Eiffel Tower. It needed to be a building that would become synonymous with the name of the country." I could not find a girl from the UAE. 
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Good list!